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R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing, graphics, and visualization. It is developed by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R is part of the GNU Project which continues to be developed jointly with the Free Software Foundation. It was originally designed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in 1993-1994. They then made it available in 1995 through their company R Tools for Statistical Computing which also served as an R support vehicle out of Natick, Massachusetts in the United States under contract to LexisNexis until 2003 when they open sourced it. R is open-source software and is available to the public under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Version 2.14.1 (October 2017) was the last version released for Windows NT. R is an implementation of the S programming language, a derivative of S which was originally designed in 1996 by Rick Becker at Bell Labs and John Chambers at Bellcore in Chambers's R base package for implementing statistical computations aimed at maximum statistical efficiency with minimal computational expenses. S was originally created by John Chambers while he served as a research staff member in the Department of Applied Statistics at Bell Laboratories from 1978 until 2000. R was meant as a replacement for S, which had been abandoned in favor of S-PLUS with a focus on efficiency and a programming environment that was easier to use. Thus the name "R" The R project also provides packages for statistics with other programming languages such as Java, C++, Scala, and Python. For example, the Rcpp package is designed to make R code more efficient when working with data frames in C++ or other languages. Some packages are not integrations of the main language itself but additional/extensions for other languages like web application development in JavaScript, SQL queries in PostgreSQL or Scala based AppEngine. The R project provides a command-line interface, but numerous graphical user interfaces exist. This can be seen in the list below, which is incomplete due to the fact that it is hard to find information about all the GUIs available for R.R has many free software packages available. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) provides source code and precompiled binaries of the most important packages for free download under open-source licenses similar to those used by GNU software. It is estimated that between 10% and 30% of CRAN's package are either not used or only installed by a small proportion of R users. The books listed below, along with many others, are available for free online. R is gaining popularity within the medical informatics field since it provides a number of advantages over other software tools. Interest in the package stems from the growing importance of data integration and visualization. Many of the packages on CRAN are related to healthcare data analysis, including both R-based components and external packages that depend on R. It contributes greatly to "Big Data" research in data science. A considerable proportion of these packages serve to access medical records over the Web while others provide graphical interfaces for statistical analyzers implemented in R language itself (e.g. cfa1e77820